Old, Young, Big, and Sick – Anaesthesia of the scary patients

What is the incidence of death for ASA 3-5 cats in the 2005 CEPSAF study?

1.4%

2.5%

1.1%

0.8%

What is the approximate ‘odds-ration’ increased risk of death for dogs over 12 years of age compared with younger dogs (CEPSAF 2005)

5x

12x

2 x

10x

According to a 2004 study by Galloway et al, what is the ‘Anaesthetic index’ of isoflurane in dogs?

3.5

2.6

2.9

4.1

Vasoconstriction and reflex bradycardia are a typical side effect of which tranquiliser?

Acepromazine

Midazolam

Medetomidine

Ketamine

In patients with Mitral Regurgitation, to prevent decreased cardiac output, it is important to avoid what?

Increases in afterload

Decreases in afterload

Tachycardia

Ventricular filling

In cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, what drug side effect should be avoided?

Bradycardia

Tachycardia

Vasoconstriction

Dysphoria

For the cardiovascular system of the geriatric patient, which statement is true?

Cardiac output is reliant on heart rate rather than stroke volume

Myocardial fibrosis and decreased sympathetic receptor activity result in reduced cardiac reserve

Catecholamines, both endogenous and exogenous, are readily effective

Over 50% of small breeds have a degree of mitral valve insufficiency

Which of the following is the most ideal induction technique for geriatric animals?

A rapid bolus of propofol to quickly secure an airway

Administration of isoflurane at doses above MAC via tight fitting mask

High dose intravenous administration of an opioid such as fentanyl until endotracheal intubation is possible

Slow titration of a rapid induction agent to effect

For the respiratory system of the young patient, which statement is true?

The intercostal muscles are well developed by one month of age

Deficiency of pulmonary elastin result in decreased lung compliance and increased closing volume

Compliant chest walls, high O2 demand, and high minute ventilation reduces respiratory reserve predisposing to hypoxaemia

Large breeds have been shown to have greater respiratory reserves than small breeds

Which of the following is the least suitable tranquiliser for a 4 week puppy?

Midazolam

Ketamine

Methadone

Medetomidine

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Old, Young, Big, and Sick – Anaesthesia of the scary patients